Parenting has evolved with many metaphorical labels over the years. From tiger and helicopter parenting to free-range and gentle parenting, different styles have gained popularity at different times. But do these approaches actually influence a child’s development and overall well-being?
Psychologists have studied parenting styles for decades. In the 1960s, Diana Baumrind identified three key styles: authoritarian (strict and demanding), authoritative (supportive yet firm), and permissive (lenient with few rules). Later, neglectful parenting was added to the list. More recently, newer styles like gentle, snowplow, and lighthouse parenting have emerged. Though they lack the same level of research, experts have weighed in on their potential effects.
Gentle parenting, for example, focuses on warmth, compassion, and building a strong connection with children. Depending on how discipline is handled, it can resemble either authoritative or permissive parenting. Snowplow parenting, on the other hand, involves parents removing obstacles from a child’s path to prevent struggles. While well-intended, this approach can lead to anxiety in children when they inevitably face real-world challenges. Similarly, helicopter parenting - where parents closely monitor and intervene in their child’s life - may prevent kids from developing problem-solving skills and resilience.
Free-range parenting takes the opposite approach, allowing kids more independence. This can foster confidence and self-sufficiency, but if taken too far, children may be left without enough guidance. Meanwhile, tiger parenting, which became well-known through Amy Chua’s Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, is a highly demanding style with little emotional support.
Last but definitely not least, lighthouse parenting offers a balanced alternative. It involves providing steady support and guidance while allowing children the freedom to navigate challenges on their own. Experts see it as a modern take on authoritative parenting, which has been linked to higher confidence, emotional stability, and academic success.
Regardless of the parenting style, experts emphasize that children thrive when they feel secure, understood, and supported. Emotional connection, structure, and flexibility are key to healthy development. As Kenneth Ginsburg, a physician and founder of the Center of Parent and Teen Communication at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, explains, “When you parent with loving guidance, your child is going to want you in their life forever.”
Picture: Panda, tiger, helicopter and snowplow (Designer)
